It is of great importance to ensure the sustainable development and sustainable utilization of the national park, and to consolidate the function of the national ecological security shelter. The scientific assessment of the degree of human disturbance and its impact in the national park and surrounding areas is a basic premise to improve the accuracy of spatial supervision of human activities. Taking Sanjiangyuan National Park as an example, based on the modified model for measuring the degree of human disturbance and the survey ledger database of human disturbance behavior, this paper quantitatively evaluated the temporal and spatial variation process of the degree of human disturbance in the national park and its surroundings from 1980 to 2018, analyzed the driving forces and main factors affecting general disturbance and anomic disturbance, and discussed the main deficiencies in the supervision of human disturbance and suggestions for optimization. The results showed that:(1) the degree of human disturbance in Sanjiangyuan National Park was relatively stable, rising only 3.237% between 1980 and 2018. The degree of human disturbance of the Yangtze River Source Park was significantly lower than that in the Lancang River Source Park and the Yellow River Source Park. (2) The rise in the degree of human disturbance was comparatively notable between 2000 and 2010, but levelled off between 2010 and 2018, indicating that the enforcement of ecological protection measures and laws have become stricter since 2010, and have significantly curbed the growth of human disturbance in the Sanjiangyuan National Park. (3) Infrastructure construction with a focus on transportation, population urbanization, traditional production and living activities of aboriginal people and recreational activities are the main drivers of variation in the degree of human disturbance. (4) The construction of roads and supporting facilities along the routes, aboriginal living facilities, and hydropower facilities are the main causes of anomic human disturbance in the national park. Aiming at the drivers and supervision of human disturbance in the Sanjiangyuan National Park and surrounding areas, it was recommended to implement fine-grained zoning controls, to activate and regulate market-based management mechanisms, to create net-zero emission green infrastructure, and to ameliorate the hardware and software system for supervising recreational behavior, so as to shape the interaction between ecological protection and utilization in the national park under the premise of zero disturbance.