Since the reform and opening-up, China's economy has obtain rapid development. However, the environmental problems in China such as air pollution have become increasingly prominent. In the 21st century, a number of air pollution prevention and control policies were promulgated by the Chinese government, while the serious air polluted areas such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas, the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region were designated as key areas of air pollution control. To improve the regional air quality, pollution control measures and emission reduction projects have been implemented. This research uses the Environmental Kuznets Curve (abbreviated as EKC) to analyze the economic growth, the trend of atmospheric pollutants concentration and the relationship between the two in China and the key areas of air pollution control, based on the GDP and the concentration of SO₂, PM₁₀, and NO₂ in China's 31 provinces from 2000 to 2019. The results show that: (1) the air pollution prevention and control policies in recent years, especially the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and The Three-year Action Plan to Beat Air Pollution, have significantly improved the air quality and the relationship between economic development and environmental protection since 2013. The EKC of GDP per capita and SO₂ concentration is inverted U-shape while that of PM₁₀ concentration is inverted N-shape, both in a rapid decline phase. However, the EKC of GDP per capita and NO₂ concentration is U-shape. (2) The EKC of GDP per capita and SO₂ concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas is an inverted U-shape, being in a rapid decline phase while those of PM₁₀ and NO₂ concentrations are both U-shape with an upward trend. (3) The EKC of GDP per capita and SO₂ and PM₁₀ concentration in the Yangtze River Delta region are inverted U-shape and U-shape respectively, both in a decline phase. Yet the NO₂ concentration has no correlation with GDP per capita. (4) The EKC of GDP per capita and the three pollutants concentration in Pearl River Delta region are all inverted U-shape, being in a decline phase. Therefore, it is recommended that the Chinese government launches new air pollution control plans which focus on the control of NO_x production by motor vehicles for the continuous decline of NO₂ concentration. All the efforts will lead to high-quality economic development and high-level protection of the ecological environment during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period.