Surface radiation budget is of great significance to the research for the surface energy balance and the mechanism of climate formation and change. The variation characteristics of surface radiation budget and surface albedo at different time scales and in different weather conditions for Ulastai grassland area in the middle of Tianshan Mountains were analyzed by using observation data in the middle of Tianshan Mountains Land-Atmosphere Interaction Observation Station from May 2018 to April 2019. The results demonstrated that:(1) the monthly mean diurnal variation curves of surface radiation components, except that the curve of downward long-wave radiation was weak, were all in unimodal type. The extreme values of surface radiation components appeared at different times and were unequal. The extreme value of the diurnal curves for both of the downward short-wave radiation and the surface net radiation appeared in June, which were 920.9 W/m²and 603.3 W/m². The extreme values of the diurnal curves for both of downward and upward long-wave radiation appeared in July and August, which were 327.5 W/m² and 471.7 W/m². But the extreme value of the diurnal curve for upward short-wave radiation appeared in February, which was 520.6 W/m². (2) The annual total values of downward short-wave radiation, upward short-wave radiation, downward long-wave radiation and upward long-wave radiation were 6860.62 MJ/m², 2101.72 MJ/m², 7171.25 MJ/m², and 10089.69 MJ/m². In terms of seasonal variations for surface radiation components, the monthly total value of upward short-wave radiation was significantly higher in winter than in other seasons, while the monthly total values of other surface radiation components ranked as summer > spring > autumn > winter. (3) The monthly mean diurnal variations of surface albedo were all in U-shaped curves in different months. The average annual value of surface albedo was 0.393, and the extreme and minimum monthly mean values of surface albedo appeared in December and August, which were 0.760 and 0.217, respectively. In terms of seasonal variations for the surface albedo, the seasonal mean values of surface albedo ranked as winter > autumn > spring > summer. (4) The diurnal variation curves of surface radiation components were more smooth on clear day than cloudy and rainy days. The responses of downward short-wave radiation and upward long-wave radiation to precipitation were weakened, while downward long-wave radiation was enhanced. The response of upward short-wave radiation to precipitation was consistent with surface albedo, which was weakened and enhanced in rainy days and after snowfall, respectively.