In order to investigate the effects of the different accumulating wheat cultivars on rhizosphere microorganism community structure and functional diversity, low Cd-accumulating wheat Jimai 22 (JM22) and high Cd-accumulating wheat Ji 5265 (JI5265) were planted in pots filled with contaminated soil and non-contaminated soil and collected at the tillering stage of wheat. In total, four experimental treatments were set up, containing JM22 grown in contaminated soil (CJM), JI5265 grown in contaminated soil (CJI), JM22 grown in non-contaminated soil (NJM) and JI5265 grown in non-contaminated soil (NJI). The number of rhizosphere bacteria, community structure of culturable dominant bacteria and microbial community functional diversity were analyzed by traditional dilution plate culture method and Biolog-Eco microplate method. The results from the standard spread-plate method showed that the population of total bacteria and Cd-resistant bacteria in rhizosphere soil of JM22 were significantly higher than those of JI5265 in contaminated soil, but there was no significant difference in the population of total bacteria and Cd-resistant bacteria of rhizosphere soil between the two different accumulating wheat cultivars in non-contaminated soil. Studies on the biological characteristics of the isolated strains showed that more urease producing bacterial strains and Cd-resistant bacterial strains (200 mg/L) in rhizosphere soil of JM22 grown in contaminated soil were isolated than those of JI5265 grown in contaminated soil. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, bacterial community composition was different in rhizosphere soil between cultivar JM22 and cultivar JI5265 in contaminated soil. Most of the dominant rhizosphere bacteria in JM22 were identified as Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., while Streptomyces sp. predominated in rhizosphere soil of wheat JI5265 in contaminated soil. The dominant rhizosphere bacteria in JM22 and JI5265 grown in non-contaminated soil were similar, and they were mainly Bacillus sp. The Biolog-Eco plate experiment results showed that there were differences in the utilization of carbon sources between the two wheat cultivars, and the average well color development (AWCD) values, Mc Intosh index, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of rhizosphere microbes of wheat cultivar JM22 were significantly higher than those of cultivar JI5265 in both contaminated soil and non-contaminated soil after 120 h of incubation. Taken together, the community structure and functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms in the two Cd-accumulating wheat cultivars grown in contaminated soil were different. The results provide an important reference for understanding the rhizosphere microbial mechanism in high and low accumulating wheats.