In order to explore the spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility properties and its affecting factors in Qianqingtang, the main habitat of wild sika deer of South China, in Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve. Based on the sampling data,using traditional statistics and geostatistical methods, the soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total potassium (TK) were systematically analyzed. Moreover, the importance of the environmental factors influencing the variability and accumulation of soil fertility properties were studied. The results indicated that the soil in Qianqingtang Reserve was acidic on the whole, and the average contents of SOM, TP, TN and TK in the studied area were 72.44 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, 1.91 g/kg and 23.16 g/kg, respectively. The content of each properties is relatively high, basically in the rich level. The coefficients of variation (C.V.s) of all studied soil fertility properties were at a moderate level. The results of semi-variance analysis indicated that the exponential model was the best-fit model for pH, TP, TN and TK while spherical model was the best-fit model for SOM. In addition, pH, TP and TK had strongly spatial autocorrelations which represented that their spatial variability was mainly dominated by structural factors. SOM and TN showed moderately spatial autocorrelations which indicated that the random factors had a certain influence. The results of the global Moran's I index test showed that SOM, TP and TN had significant spatial autocorrelation, and presented an aggregated distribution in space which corresponded to the calculation results of the variable range. Kriging interpolation results showed the spatial distribution of all kinds of soil fertility properties were coherent and the trend of stripe distribution was obvious. The spatial distribution regularity showed a similarity of each soil fertility properties to some extent, the distribution showed a significant downward trend from the edge to the middle. The results of correlation analysis revealed that SOM, TP, TN, and TK in the study area had significant correlation with altitude, bulk density and stand types. Regression analysis showed that bulk density explained the highest variance of elements among all environmental factors, indicating that bulk density was the dominant controlling factor affecting the spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility properties in Qianqingtang Reserve. However, the overall explanatory degree of the research factors was low, indicating that the spatial variation of soil fertility properties was also affected by other factors. This study can provide important scientific information related to soil property characteristics and influencing factors in the southern hilly area with little human disturbance.