The frequency and economic loss from wildlife conflicts are on the rise in recent years, due to the comprehensive effect of rapid population expansion, land use change, wildlife protection and the construction of nature reserve system. The local residents' cognition and willingness of wildlife conflicts would directly affect the effectiveness of wildlife protection policies, and the construction of coexistence mechanism of human and wildlife. However, scholars mostly used ecological methods to explore wildlife populations and their impacts, while few studies focused on wildlife conflicts from the perspective of local residents' cognition and willingness, with no related research based on nature reserves and national parks being reported. This study attempts to construct an analytical framework to reveal local residents' cognition, willingness and influencing factors of wildlife conflicts in Wuyishan National Park. Taking family characteristics, wildlife conflict experience and cognitive factors as independent variables, the aboriginal willingness to pay, habitat protection, migration and insurance participation are integrated into a comprehensive willingness. Based on 449 valid questionnaires and in-depth interviews, we used the ordered multi-classification logistic regression method to explore the cognition, willingness and influencing factors of local residents inside Wuyishan National Park. The results show that:(1) wild boar was the main type of troublemakers in the study area, and most people experienced wildlife conflicts and their crops and livestock were seriously damaged; (2) the increase of wildlife population, lack of food and limited survival space were the main causes of wildlife conflicts, and most local residents are only willing to pay small fees to alleviate wildlife conflicts; (3) for relocation, most local residents were unwilling to leave their cultivated land even if the government compensation was in place, while local residents had expressed their willingness to actively cooperate with relevant units to protect wildlife habitats and construct ecological corridor; (4) education attainment, experiences and approval of the governmental measures had significant impacts on the willingness of local residents to prevent wildlife conflicts. On this basis, some policy suggestions are put forward, including following ecological rules, protecting wildlife habitat, improving cognition and willingness of local residents, implementing co-managing community, establishing a compensation mechanism for harm caused by wild animals, and introducing wildlife damage compensation insurance, etc. It is expected to deepen the scientific understanding of the characteristics and mechanism of wildlife conflicts, as well as to provide valuable references for effectively alleviating the human-wildlife conflict and promoting the harmony between human and wildlife in the national parks.