The wild camel (Camelus ferus) is an important migratory species in Central Asia. Unfortunately, its historically intact and continuous distribution has become three isolated regions of habitat (western, middle, and eastern region) as a result of human activity. In an effort to better clarify the driving factors of fragmentation, this study calculated the dynamic index of land use change from 1980 to 2018. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of land use via calculation of road density and road-effect zone to evaluate the impact of roadways. The results showed that:(1) in the past 40 years, unused land and grassland in the species' historical distribution range has remained unchanged, especially unused land dominated by sand which accounted for over 80% of the wild camel's historical distribution range. (2) Road density in the historical distribution range was 0.0410 km/km², but road barrier effects were large and consistent with the three isolated habitat regions in the current distribution area. (3) The total number of habitat patches in the historical distribution range of the wild camel was 914. These were comprised of 78 patches in the western region, which was much lower than the 373 and 463 patches in the middle and eastern regions, respectively. The number of patches and mean patch size indicated that the degree of habitat fragmentation in the western region was lower than that of the middle and eastern regions. (4) The largest patch index showed that the remaining large and roadless patches were critical for the survival of the current wild camel population. Present-day landscape fragmentation patterns suggest that the western and middle regions could be connected with corridor construction. However, the results indicate that it would be impossible to connect the middle and eastern regions. We recommend that conservation resources and efforts should focus on population maintenance and connectivity of the western and middle regions. Future road building plans must consider the impact of their construction and barrier effect on wild camel habitat, and decision makers should expand assessment to include the entirely historical distribution range of the wild camel, not just the three current isolated habitat regions.