Large-scale coal and electricity bases (CEBs) are essentially important to China's coal-based energy and material centralized development areas as well as national energy security strategy. Hence, it is difficult to reasonably evaluate the ecological impacts of CEBs development in the sustainable and coordinated development and scientific management of CEBs. In response to this, this paper attempted to intensively study the driving behavior, internal structure, primary relationship, ecological influence path, ecological cumulative process and ecological cumulative effect and threshold analysis method of the large-scale coal and electricity base ecosystems (CEBES) through associating the development of CEBs with NES (natural ecology system) as systems engineering. The concept, connotation, and characteristics of CEBs were proposed in accordance with spatial and functional positioning of the CEBs. Then, the amalgamation constructing CEBES were comprised of natural resources, energy development behavior (coal, and electricity, etc.), other human activities (agriculture, animal husbandry, and urban activities), atmosphere, water, soil, and ecosphere. According to the research, the ecological accumulation state of CEBES was driven and influenced by three behaviors, including natural behaviors, energy development behaviors, and other human activities. These three behaviors were manifested as damages to ecological elements, changed in system structure, and imbalance of system state through integration, conduction, and radiation coupling. More precisely, ecological cumulation had the characteristics of affecting polymorphism, spatial multi-scale, and process gradual change. Moreover, by defining the ecological cumulation process, the cumulative effect, thresholds and their mutual relations, ecological damage coefficients were introduced to reflect the cumulative degree of ecological influence. Based on this, four ecological thresholds, including ecological elements, internal structure, system state, and behavior regulation were proposed. Furthermore, an ecological accumulation state indicator system and ecologic comprehensive influencing indexes featuring the drive of "three powers", zoning element coupling, and system evaluation were constructed as 60 indicators screened from the systematic and practical properties for showing the relative status of ecological cumulation. Also, core functions of ecological cumulative state based on unit space body, ecological elements, and ecological cumulative functions of subsystems and systems were constructed. Meanwhile, the analysis models of ecological damage degree and ecological effect threshold as well as the impact analysis method of ecological cumulation of CEBs development were based on the coupling relationship of multi-level ecological damage. The proposed method can provide a theoretical support for ecological impact assessment, ecological security regulation in the developing areas of CEBs,as well as for the development of carbon neutral in China.