In the context of urbanization, the ecosystem is increasingly threatened by human society and the natural ecological space is destroyed. The identification and management of natural ecological space can better construct and protect the ecological resources of land and space, promote the coordinated development of ecological protection and socio-economic coupling, and ensure the ecological safety of the region. This study integrates multi-source data and methods, evaluates and identifies the spatial range of ecological sources from two aspects of the importance of ecological services and the sensitivity of ecological environment; extracts key and optimized ecological corridors based on the least cumulative resistance model, and systematically identifies the nature of ecological space and differentiated management and control in Shandong Province. The results show that the ecological sources of Shandong Province are concentrated in the central mountainous area and the Jiaodong Peninsula, with a total area of 21,165.10 km². The lengths of key ecological corridors and the optimized ecological corridors are 1078.32 km and 511.25 km, respectively. The main land use types are the cultivated land and forest land, mainly distributed in the central mountainous area and northern plain area, which can form a closely connected ecological network. The research divides the natural ecological space into three types:ecological source area, ecological conservation area, and other ecological land. According to different space types, targeted classification management and control measures are proposed to provide theoretical references and methodological guarantees for the systematic identification and management of natural ecological spaces, which can better achieve the strategic and coordinated goals of provincial territorial space planning.