The François' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) is an endangered primate species that is restricted to habitats characterized by karst topography. Because of illegal hunting and disturbance by human activities, its population decreases dramatically. Moreover, its habitats become severely fragmented as results of the acceleration of deforestation and land reclamation. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of habitat fragmentation on the François' langur population, which will provide key information for the conservation of this rare and endangered species. In this study, based on remote sensing images, land-use data, and the François' langur population survey data, we conducted landscape fragmentation analysis of the François' langur habitat in Guangxi by Fragstats software. We also explored the influences of landscape pattern on the population of François' langurs in Guangxi by correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the landscape pattern of the François' langur habitats in Guangxi presented severe fragmentation, complex patch shapes, weak patch aggregation, and decentralization. The woodland landscape still made an important contribution to the langur habitats, but the anthropogenic landscape interference was very strong. There were different characteristics in the degree of habitat fragmentation, the intensity of human disturbance, and the distribution of landscapes in different areas. The Fusui area had the strongest human disturbance, and the Debao area had a more severe degree of fragmentation, while the Longzhou area had the least anthropogenic disturbance and its forest landscape was the most aggregated. There were significantly and positively relationships between Contagion Index, Mean Patch Fractal Dimension, Woodland Area, Woodland Patch Size, Bare Rock Area and Bare Rock Percentage of Landscape and the population of François' langurs, whereas Shannon Diversity Index was significantly and negatively related to the population of François' langurs. However, there was no significant correlation between artificial landscape indices, such as Curtivated Land Area, Percentage of Curtivated Land Residential Land Area, Percentage of Residential Land Area and the population of the François' langur. Based on the results of the multiple stepwise regression analysis, Woodland Area was key factors influencing the population of the François' langur in Guangxi,followed by Mean Patch Fractal Dimension. Therefore, the managers should carry out different types of ecological restoration according to the forest coverage, fragmentation degree, and landscape configuration in the distribution area of the François' langur. At the same time, managers should develop a reliable conservation plan based on the actual situation of the nature reserve.