As the second-largest human habitat after cities, village's niche directly affects the living standards of residents. To measure the village's current development level and the status in the rural social-ecological network and future development potential, a new socio-economic niche was proposed in this article and analyzed by basic ecological concepts. The specific research method is based on the ‘state’ and ‘potential’ theory of niche and using principal component analysis, gravity model structure, and social network analysis method to calculate the socio-economic niche of 260 administrative villages outside Xiamen Island. The research results show that:(1) The distribution of the ‘state’ value of the village's socio-economic niche is uneven and the high level are mostly clustered in the southern area and the Tong'an Industrial area. Clusters are mostly affected by the radiation on the island and also their own development conditions. On the scale of each district, different villages' development levels are quite different because of the development level of the same species in the same birth is not only affected by outside environment but also limited by the biological conditions. (2) The ‘potential’ value of the village's socio-economic niche is affected by the combination of geographic space and resource endowments. Villages outside Xiamen Island with higher ‘potential’ are concentrated in Tong'an and the Jimei University City, which has superior development condition and geographical location at the core of the region. The villages in the northern mountainous area of Xiamen are mostly connected in a single line and has the weakest influence. (3) Compared with the natural subsystem, the social and economic niche of the villages of Xiamen Island studied by the social network analysis method aims to focus on the interaction between the surrounding villages. Jimei District's north zone near the island area performs best; Tong'an District, which is located in the study area's center, it is strongly driven by the industrial zone, and Xiang'an District, which has limited development but has more regionally-central villages, are the second-best; next, it is Haicang district that has well-developed but located at the edge of the study area; in the end, it's the mountainous area in northern Xiamen which has the weakest overall performance. This paper Introduces the gravity model and social network analysis method to analyze the social and economic niche in the rural composite ecosystem, which can provide a new research perspective and also a scientific basis for the study of village development planning and residents' welfare.