The Yushen mining area in northern Shaanxi is an important coal production base in China with a fragile ecological environment. It is of great significance to analyze the influence of coal mining on the stability of the regional ecosystem for the ecological restoration of the mining area. This study takes the watershed where Yushen mining area is located as the study area. Based on the distribution pattern of land use in the past 10 years, the direct and indirect influenced areas of industrial and mining activities have been determined, and the evolution characteristics of different impact areas of coal mining activities have been analyzed. By selecting the key indicators of the ecological environment in the study area, establishing an ecological elasticity index system, combined with the spatial principal component analysis method, comprehensively evaluates the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the ecological system elasticity in the study area, and analyzes the impact of industrial and mining activities on the ecological system elasticity in the study area. The results show that (1) the spatial pattern of land use in the study area has undergone great changes in the past 10 years, the ecological environment has improved significantly, and the city has undergone further expansion. Among them, the area of forestland and grassland has increased significantly, and the industrial and mining land has increased from 8.4 km² to 14.2 km². (2) The resilience of the ecosystem in the study area showed an increasing trend as a whole, but the local fluctuations were large, mainly affected by the two indicators of vegetation coverage and groundwater runoff. From 2009 to 2015, the ecological resilience of the areas directly and indirectly affected by coal development showed a decreasing trend. In comparison, the ecological resilience of different areas affected by coal development increased significantly in 2018. (3) The geological environmental problems caused by coal mining activities have degraded the ecological environment of the mining area, resulting in the ecological resilience of the areas directly influenced by coal development being lower than that of the indirect influenced areas, with an average of 9.23% lower. Therefore, timely restoration and control measures to reduce the geological environmental problems caused by coal development are of vital importance to improve the ecological environment of the mining area. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for optimizing the ecological pattern of the mining area, as well as the ecological protection management and healthy and sustainable development of the mining area.