The community structure of rodents is influenced by the characteristics of the ecological environment and could reflect the pattern of environmental change. In order to investigate the relationship between rodent community diversities and environmental factors, we obtained data on habitat factors and rodent community structure of nine habitat types through rat clip in the Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Xinjiang. In the spring and summer of 2019 and 2020, a total of 291 sample plots were set with 55269 available clip days, the total survey area was 176.875 km², and 12 environmental factors of each sample were recorded. A total of 419 rodents were captured, belonging to 12 species, 10 genera, 4 families and 1 order. Our results showed that the dominant species were Dipus sagitta and Allactaga sibirica, which accounted for 34.13% and 27.68% of the total individuals, respectively. The habitat type with the highest rodent capture rate was desert habitat (2.18%). The dominant distribution type of captured rodent species was drought tolerance (98.09%). The One-way ANOVA analysis showed that the 12 environmental factors were significantly different among the 9 habitat types (P<0.01), indicating that the distribution of rodents was highly heterogeneous in the Reserve. The results of redundancy analysis revealed that four environmental factors, including altitude, shrub coverage, shrub height and vegetation types, were the most important environmental factors that determined the community structure of rodents. The number of vegetation species was positively correlated with the community diversities. With the increase of the number of vegetation species, the other diversity indexes were increased in addition to the dominance index.