This paper aims to clarify the population dynamics and spatial distribution of the rare and endangered plant Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, and attempt to put forward the targeted reservation strategies. It is of practical significance for the local conservation and the sustainable management of natural forests. Based on the first inventory of 6.4 hm² long-term plot in the Nature Reserve, population dynamics of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis were analyzed through establishing static life table, depicting survival curve and mortality rate and vanish rate, and applying time sequence analysis. At the same time, function g(r) deduced by function K(r) of Ripley was used to determine the spatial distribution pattern of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis population at different growth stages and scales. The results showed that (1) the age structure of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis was a "pyramidal" type, belongs to a recession population. The dynamics of quantitative change among age class indicated that the population was growing at the present stage, but the renewal ability of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis was poor comparatively. (2) The survival curve tended to be the type of Deevey-I. The numbers of population fluctuated slightly after the stage of physical death. (3) The survival rate of population gradually decreased with age raising, and the cumulative mortality rate was the opposite. As a whole, the mortality density was low, and the fluctuation range was small. The risk functional curve showed a monotonous upward trend. (4) After different age classes of time, the number of young trees decreased and the number of middle and old trees increased or unchanged. In future succession, the shortage of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis young trees resulted in individual numbers to fluctuate. (5) T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis young and middle trees were mainly aggregated in plot totally. Old trees were randomly distributed at scales of 0-80 m. And g(r) values of all trees were similar to young trees. Therefore, to further strengthen the conservation of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis for maintaining its population numbers, the benign interference measures can be implemented such as proper removal of shrubs or rotten woods to improve the growth environment of seedlings, which eventually create favorable habitat surroundings for the continuation of T. chinensis var. tchekiangensis populations in this area.