Irrigation agriculture has become an important developmental direction of the worldwide agricultural filed, because it could improve the food production capacity. Nevertheless, the conversion of land use pattern is guaranteed to affect the soil stability of dry farmland, especially for the soil carbon cycle. However, the mutual feedback mechanisms between carbon flux variation and environmental factors during the farmland consolidation process are still unclear. Therefore, to assess the short-term effects of dryland-to-paddy consolidation on the composition of soil carbon pool and environmental drivers, field experiments were carried out to monitor continuously the changes of soil carbon flux for 7 days. The results showed that:(1) the soil carbon flux and temperature in both dry land and paddy field presented as the unimodal curve of high day and low night. The peak values of soil CO₂ flux and temperature appeared around 13:00 every day, whereas the soil CO₂ flux of paddy field was slightly higher. (2) The soil dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon, resistant organic carbon, soil total organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index showed the decreasing trends after a short period of farmland consolidation, while the decrease rates of soil microbial biomass carbon and easily oxidized organic carbon were 28.55% and 29.09%, respectively. (3) The modeling results of structural equation models showed that soil water content, microbial OTU number, and soil carbon pool significantly affected the change of soil CO₂ flux (P<0.05). The soil temperature and soil physicochemical properties were the key environmental factors, which could constraint the soil carbon pool (P<0.05). The agricultural activities are one of the important carbon sources, and the depth study of carbon emissions induced by large-scale dryland-to-paddy might provide the scientific basis for low-carbon agriculture, climate mitigation and the formulation of coping strategies.