Due to the dual impact of global climate change and human activities, the arid and semi-arid regions in China have faced severe challenges in ecological environmental protection and social-economic development in recent years. Ecosystem services (ESs) are a bridge linking natural ecosystems and human well-being, the continuous supply of ESs is of great significance to regional socio-economic development and ecological environmental protection. It is a very important scientific question that how to coordinate ecological protection with socio-economic development to achieve sustainable development in the areas of ecological importance and vulnerability. Taking Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as an example, this paper analyzed the changes of the ESs and their trade-off relationships based on the InVEST model and related geographic maps, as well as analyzed the coupling relationships and spatial differences between ESs and social-economic indicators by using the coupling coordination degree model to identify the main influencing factors. The results show that:(1) The ESs of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region distributed with an obviously spatial heterogeneity with the characteristics of high-value area located in the south and low-value areas located in the north, including water purification, soil conservation, carbon storage, and water supply. (2) The correlation among various ESs at the county scale is significantly positive, showing a synergistic relationship; the correlation between water purification and water supply is the highest (0.73), followed by soil conservation and water supply (0.60); while the correlation between soil conservation and water purification, and water supply is low (below 0.50). (3) The coupling coordination degree of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is negatively correlated with the proportion of the urban population, negatively correlated with the per capita disposable income of urban residents, and positively correlated with the per capita disposable income of the rural residents; the industrial distribution model is significantly related to the coupling coordination degree. (4) The coupling coordination degree of half of the counties (districts) in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is barely coordinated development, 73% of which focus more on economic development; the coupling coordination degree of 41% of the counties (districts) is coordinated development, with 2/3 of them relatively ahead in environmental protection; and the central regions show great development advantages. This study has a great theoretical and practical significance in accurately grasping the characteristics of ecosystem services in the process of economic and social development, and could provide a scientific basis for the unity and coordination of ecological protection and economic development in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.