The rapid development of urban agglomerations has intensified competition between cities. Excessive consumption of natural resources has led to greater differences in the efforts of cities to improve the ecological environment. The impact of unfair ecological occupancy on the ecosystem has caused difficulties for urban agglomerations to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. Using the temporal and spatial evolution of the Guanzhong urban agglomeration (GUA)'s per capita ecological footprint (ef), per capita carbon footprint (cf), per capita water footprint (wf), and city development index (CDI) from 2007 to 2018, the Gini coefficient (GC) was used to reveal the impact of unfair ecological occupancy on the 17 SDGs in urban agglomerations. The results show that ① the average annual growth of the CDI for each city in the GUA is in the range of 1.66% and 2.52%, but the average annual growth rates of ef, cf, and wf are in the range of[1.46%, 5.53%],[-3.70%, 7.30%] and [-3.62%, 4.41%], respectively. This shows that urban development lags behind resource consumption, which is not conducive to the realization of 17 SDGs. ② The degree to which carbon pressure and carbon capacity are matched tended to be optimized; the degree to which ecological pressure is matched with ecological capacity and water pressure with water capacity decreased. ③ The urban development GC for the ecological footprint and ecological capacity GC were both below the warning line of 0.4, which shows that the degree to which ecological pressure and the CDI match was relatively fair and stable. The urban development GC for the carbon footprint and carbon capacity GC, and urban development GC for the water footprint and water capacity GC all exceeded 0.4 in 2018; the spatial equality in carbon pressure, water resource pressure and the CDI decreased. The contribution of urban development and capacity is significantly different. The establishment of an analytical framework for monitoring the social and economic activities within and the ecological occupancy fairness of urban agglomerations reveals that ecological occupancy fairness is conducive to protecting forests and cultivated land in the context of achieving the 17 SDGs, increasing efforts to improve the ecological environment within cities in urban agglomerations and balancing the trade-offs between development and conservation in each city. The footprint family of indicators have complementary characteristics when evaluating the temporal and spatial evolution of urban agglomeration ecosystems. The main contribution of this paper is to use the CDI and footprint family to establish an analytical framework for monitoring the development and ecological occupancy of urban agglomerations. Finally, on the basis of the result that unfairness between ecological occupation and urban development affects the ability of urban agglomerations to achieve the 17 SDGs, improvements in the ecological environment governance framework for urban agglomerations, the strengthening of air pollution control and waste management in urban agglomerations, and the establishment of an urban agglomeration-ecological environment joint protection mechanism are proposed.