To clarify the distribution pattern for the rare and endangered wild animals of Asiatic ibex (Capra sibirica) and determin the influence of climate change and human activities to this specises in the Anxi Extreme-Arid Desert National Nature Reserve (AEDNNR) of Gansu Province, have great importance for the future habitat management and species protection. In this paper, based on the field survey points and enviromental variables, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and ArcGIS spatial analysis tools were used to predict the potential distribution and dynamic of Asiatic ibex in AEDNNR. For the nineteen bioclimatic variables, we selected an average of eight global climate models under the intermediate greenhouse gas emissions (SSP2-4.5) for the base period (the years of 1970-2000) and future climate periods (the years of 2041-2060 and 2081-2100). Additionally, the key enviromental factors for the habitat selection of Asiatic ibex were examined by combing the percentage contribution and permutation importance. The results showed that:(1) The prediction accuracy of MaxEnt model was high. The value of AUC (Area Under Curve) > 0.97, and TSS (True Skill Statistic) >0.90, which indicated that the modeling results was reliable. (2) Niche suitability of the Asiatic ibex was dominated by climate conditions (including precipitation seasonalit and Isothermaality), altitude and hunman activities (distance to springs and residential areas). As the basic element for the survival of Asiatic ibex, it control the habitat ecology and enviroment together with climate conditions. Moreover, influenced by the behaviors of Asiatic ibex, it always distributed in the regions with relatively higher altitude and aways from human activities. (3) In the baseline period, Asiatic ibex mainly distributed in the northern and southern regions with higher elevations, which occupied apprimixily 365.77 pa (accounting for 4.31% of the total area of AEDNNR). Saptially, the suitable area for Asiatic ibex in the north is larger than that in the south. The high and middle suitable habitats mian located in the northern AEDNNR. (4) In the future climate scenarios, the suitable areas appeared increasing trends by the eco-enviromental improvement and the implementation of endangered animanls protection measures. However, influenced by inbreeding of Asiatic ibex, the long-term growth of the numbers and suitable areas were not significant. The occupied area increased towards the relatively higher elevation southern regions.