The Rhombomys opimus is a typical desert rodent in Central Asia. Its feeding and burrowing behaviors have caused the deterioration of desert forests and desert grasslands and the deterioration of the ecological environment. Based on the distribution data of gerbils, climate, soil and topographic factor data, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential suitable areas of Rhombomys opimus in 2050 and 2070 under the current climate and the low, medium and high concentration emission scenarios of greenhouse gases. we analyze the changing trend of suitable area and distribution pattern of Rhombomys opimus in the Asian continent in the future, and discuss the main environmental factors that affect the distribution of gerbils. The results showed that the model's Area Under Curve value was above 0.9, and the accuracy of prediction reached excellent. Jackknife analysis showed that the most important environmental variables affecting the distribution of Rhombomys opimus in suitable areas were the standard deviation of seasonal changes in temperature, basic soil saturation, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and the soil exchangeable sodium salt. Under three climate scenarios of Rcp2.6, Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5, the area of high growth zone in 2050 will increase by 15.78%, 15.10% and 13.44% compared with the current climate model. Under the three climate scenarios, the area of high growth zone in 2070 will increase by 8.32%, 13.18% and 18.18% compared with the current climate model. Within the range of suitable areas for Rhombomys opimus in China, the distribution range of suitable areas for gerbils in Xinjiang varies greatly. Under the three scenarios, suitable areas for Rhombomys opimus will expand to the north of Xinjiang; the suitable areas for Gansu will expand to the northwest. The suitable areas of Rhombomys opimus in northwest Inner Mongolia and Alxa area will expand to the surrounding area. The study revealed the range and spatial changes of highly suitable habitat of gerbils in the future climate, and the main environmental variables that affect its distribution, which was of great significance to the prevention and control of Rhombomys opimus.