This study aims to explore the dynamic of the community structure of different forest layers and its relationship with topographical factors, as well as to provide theoretical support for community structure optimization and sustainable management. Based on the field survey data of the 30 hm² coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest fixed monitoring plot in Jiaohe, Jilin, the woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm in 2010 and 2015 were used as the research object to analyze the difference of species composition, forest density, community structure diversity and its dynamic changes in 5 years across different forest strata. In addition, the relationship between the community structure characteristics and topographic factors was studied by using partial correlation analysis. The results showed that (1) the species richness of the understorey was slightly higher than that of the overstorey. The accumulated productivity of the overstorey was the main contributor to the accumulated productivity of the whole forest community. (2) The important value of dominant tree species in the overstorey gradually expanded during the process of community succession. The number of individual trees in the overstorey decreased by 175, while the number of individual trees in the understorey increased by 3,503. (3) The altitude is the most important factor affecting the dynamics of community structure, by affecting the soil and light conditions to affect the community structure changes. The stand is in a stable state but the community structure characteristics across different forest strata are obviously different. Correctly grasping the relationship between topographical factors and the dynamic changes of the community structure of different forest layers is of great significance to the sustainable management of forests.