The study of the landscape pattern and the evolution characteristics of habitat quality in disaster areas is of great significance for assessing the destructive power of the disaster and its hysteresis, and revealing the impact mechanism of human activities on the natural environment. Extraction of landscape type structure of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone based on Landsat series of remote sensing image. Using landscape index and InVEST model to describe the landscape pattern and habitat quality changes in the study area in the past 49 years. Using CA-Markov model to simulate the impact of nuclear accident on regional landscape and ecological environment. The results showed that: (1) the Chernobyl nuclear accident changed the original landscape structure in the exclusion zone, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of artificial landscapes such as cultivated land and construction land. The intensity of land use has declined significantly, but the nuclear accident did not cause a substantial negative impact on the current landscape structure of the exclusion zone. (2) The Chernobyl nuclear accident resulted in the reduction of human interference in the exclusion zone, the increase of vegetation connectivity and concentration, and the overall development of the landscape pattern.(3) The establishment of the exclusion zone has reversed the deterioration of the habitat quality in the area. The low habitat quality area formed by the cultivated land has rapidly transformed into high habitat quality areas such as grassland and woodland, and the habitat quality in the area has been greatly improved. (4) The Chernobyl nuclear accident increased the proportion of high habitat quality areas in the region by 34%, changing the original landscape evolution trajectory based on the continuous expansion of cultivated land and construction land and the trend of habitat quality degradation.