Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is the unique evergreen broad-leaved shrub in the desert of northwest China. It is drought tolerant, strong resistance and plays an important role in soil and water conservation and desertification control. In order to investigate the rhizospheric microbial diversity of A. mongolicus and interaction mechanism with ecological factors, the bacterial diversity of rhizosphere soil of 26 populations was determined by high-throughput sequencing technology. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to analyze the correlation between rhizosphere bacterial community diversity and ecological factors. The results showed that 15 phylum, 43 classes, 68 orders, 123 families and 185 genera were detected in the 78 rhizosphere soil samples. The main dominant bacteria phylum in all sample sites were Cyanobacteria(65.74%), Proteobacteria(21.72%), Actinobacteria(6.28%) (relative abundance>2%). The dominant bacteria class were Alphaproteobacteria(17.48%), Actinobacteria(4.76%) and Gammaproteobacteria(3.28%). RDA indicated that 52.69% rhizosphere bacterial community diversity variation of A.mongolicus could be explained by environmental variables. Among factors, annual rainfall (F=12.8, P=0.002), latitude (F=5.1, P=0.016), and solar radiation (F=5, P=0.02) were the main influencing factors for dominant bacteria in rhizosphere soil of in A.mongolicus. The results of this study provided a theoretica basis for further understanding the community structure and affecting factors of rhizospheric soil bacteria in desert ecosystems.