The core area of China-Laos transportation corridors have been frequently affected by drought events, which threatened the stability of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) data and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) products, we quantified the temporal stability (ratio of mean annual EVI to its SD), resistance (ability to maintain its original levels during droughts), and resilience (rate of EVI recovering to pre-drought levels) in the core area of China-Laos transportation corridors. The results showed that:(1) there were 5 extreme drought events in the core area of China-Laos transportation corridors from 2001 to 2018, appearing in 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The area of extreme drought accounted for 13.37%, 47.46%, 10.41%, 12.00% and 3.05%, respectively. (2) Different vegetation types had different responses to droughts. The temporal stability of evergreen broadleaf forests was significantly higher than that of other vegetation types. Evergreen broadleaf forests had higher stability than other vegetation types despite the greater drought exposure, which played an important role in maintaining the ecosystem stability of the corridor core area. (3) The evergreen broadleaf forests and savannas illustrated significantly higher resistance and resilience of EVI than other vegetation types. The resistance of various vegetation types to extreme drought in the study area was positively associated with temperature and precipitation.