Knowing the spatial distribution of ecological degradation regions and research hotspot regions, as well as the evolution of ecosystems in the degradation regions are the basis for understanding ecological problems and ecological environment management. However, there is a lack of basic data and relevant knowledge research in the world. In this paper, multi-source data integration, long-term satellite remote sensing analysis, and the Internet literature big data modeling analysis are applied to study the spatial distribution, evolution trend and the research hotspots of global major ecological degradation, i.e. land desertification, soil erosion and karst rocky desertification. The results show that:(1) the global desertification area is about 15.4×10⁶ km², the soil erosion area is about 14.3×10⁶ km², and the karst rocky desertification area is about 1.1×10⁶ km². The global major ecological degradation regions are mainly distributed in northern and southern margin of the Sahara in Africa, the Mediterranean coast in Western Europe and southern plain of the Eastern European, the Indus River Basin in South Asia, the Northwestern China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China, the Rocky Mountains in North America and Argentina in South America. (2) Since 2000, about 3.9% of the above degraded areas have been deteriorating, 73.3% of them were still in a fragile dynamic balance state, and 22.8% of them have been improved. In terms of spatial distribution, the attention of global researchers is generally consistent with that of typical ecological degradation regions. However, there are still some areas where the ecosystems continue to deteriorate, but at the same time they lack sufficiently scientific research attention, on the central Saudi Arabia and Northern Kazakhstan in Asia, Brazil in South America, Angola and South Africa in southern Africa, etc. The research results deepen people's understanding of the distribution pattern of global major ecological degradation regions, and have reference value for preventing the aggravated ecological degradation in the developments and engineering construction worldwide.