The soil fungal community structure is critical toward maintaining the function of the forest ecosystem. Little is currently known about the types and community structure of soil microorganisms in the Tianshan Forest Region. Using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology, the composition and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in the Tianshan Forest Region were studied. The results showed that: (1) A total of 14121 OTUs were obtained after OTU clustering of valid sequences, which were divided into 7 phyla, 33 classes, 109 orders, 255 families, 444 genera, and 677 species; (2) Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are the dominant phyla amongst the Tianshan plants. Sarocladium, Lysurus, and Microidium are relatively abundant genera amongst the shrubs and Fusarium, Gibberella, and Inocybe are relatively abundant genera in the spruce forest; (3) The community structure and richness of soil fungi in shrub and spruce forests are significantly different along with diverse fungi in shrub soil. The abundance of soil fungi is higher in the shady slopes of the spruce forest and lower in the sunny slopes and forest windows; (4) Inocybe, Mortierella, Gibberella, Fusarium, and spruce growth may be closely related. This study speculates that low diversity and richness of rhizosphere soil fungi may result in regeneration issues, such as the low survival rate of spruce seedlings.