The relationship between land use pattern and ecosystem services carbon storage is of great significance for regional ecosystem protection and sustainable economic and social development. This paper uses carbon storage module of InVEST model and CA-Markov model to explore and predict the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the carbon storage of the basin ecosystems in the Shule River Basin from 1990 to 2015 and 2015-2040 and their relationships with land use patterns. The results show that the ecosystem carbon storage in the Shule River Basin in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 were 7.994×10⁸t, 7.996×10⁸t, 7.998×10⁸t, 8.038×10⁸t, 8.064×10⁸t and 8.071×10⁸t, respectively. The system's carbon storage was increasing year by year, with a cumulative increase of 7.7×10⁶t and an average annual increase of 0.038%. Changes in land use types are the main factors leading to changes in ecosystem carbon storage. The conversion of unused land to cultivated land and grassland is advantageous to the increased carbon storage, while the conversion of grassland to cultivated land and unused land leads to a reduction in carbon stocks. There is a significantly spatial pattern of carbon storage in the ecosystem of the Shule River Basin. The areas with high carbon storage present the characteristics of "northern dot-central band-southern dot and plate", which is closely related to the land use type of the basin. The forecast indicates that the carbon storage in the Shule River Basin will be 9.128×10⁸ t by 2040, an increase of 13.1% compared with 2015. The main reason is that the area of grassland, the cultivated land, and forest land has increased significantly, and the carbon storage in the basin has been increased.