In order to investigate the effects of temperature rise and exogenous carbon input on key microorganisms of carbon and nitrogen cycling in peatland soil, surface soil samples (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) of peatland in permafrost region were collected in July 2017. The simulation experiment of temperature increasing was conducted for 42 days under 10 ℃ and 15 ℃, and glucose addition treatment was set up. Fluorescence quantitative PCR technology was used to analyze the changes of key microbial abundances in soil carbon and nitrogen cycles in peatlands. Simultaneously analyze the effects of warming and exogenous carbon input on soil activated carbon components and inorganic nitrogen content in peatlands. The results showed that the increasing of temperature could change the abundance and community structure of soil microorganisms in northern peatlands soil. Soil microorganisms in 0-10 cm soils were more sensitive than those in 10-20 cm. Under the condition of increasing temperature, microorganisms rapidly decomposed active organic carbon. Meanwhile, the increasing of temperature accelerated the turnover rate of soil nitrogen and increased the available nitrogen content. Exogenous carbon input overall improved the microbial abundance of deep soil, which significantly increased the abundance of bacteria, methanogens, methanotrophores, ammoxides and denitrifiers in 10-20 cm soil, and hence possibly promoted the process of methane oxidation, ammonia oxidation and denitrification in 10-20 cm soil. There was a significant interactive effect of temperature increasing and glucose addition on the abundance of key microorganisms in soil carbon and nitrogen cycle in peatland surface soil. Under the conditions of increasing temperature and exogenous carbon input, the abundance of microorganism in northern peatlands surface soil was influenced by the availability of active carbon and nitrogen substrates.