Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, which can affect soil organic carbon accumulation in a variety of ways. The stable organic-mineral complex formed by the interaction between iron oxides and soil organic carbon is considered to be the key mechanism for long-term storage of soil dissolved organic carbon. Promoting soil organic carbon sequestration can not only improve soil quality and fertility, but also be an important strategy to address global climate change. However, the effects of iron mineral transformation on the accumulation and stability of soil organic carbon are regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, due to the active redox reactions of iron and its diverse forms. This paper summarized the recent progresses on the effects of iron mineral transformation on soil organic carbon sequestration, from different perspective and multi-disciplinary research results, including the transformation processes of iron minerals, the mechanisms of organic carbon sequestration, and the main regulative factors of iron mineral transformation affecting soil organic carbon sequestration (environmental conditions, iron mineral properties, carbon substrate quality, etc.), and emphasized the important roles of iron in the soil organic carbon sequestration. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the study of soil organic carbon sequestration by iron for future research.