This study was conducted on Shiba River tailings of the Northern Copper Mine, which was the largest underground copper mine in China. Bothriochloa ischaemum was the dominant species in this copper tailings dam. We studied the variations characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) structures and diversities in rhizosphere soil of B. ischaemum at different growth stages. Simultaneously, we analyzed the relationship between the AMF community structures and environmental factors. Our results showed that the physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil were significantly different in different growth stages of B. ischaemum. The rhizosphere soil had the same dominant AMF family, but the structure of AMF community was obviously different in plant development processes. Glomeraceae were mainly affected by soil nutrient and carbon nitrogen ratio at seedling stage, and the main influencing factor was soil pH for Diversisporaceae at tillering stage. Ambisporaceae were significantly correlated with soil catalase, and Paraglomeraceae were positively correlated with urease at mature stage. Taken together, the effects of ecological factors on the community characteristics of rhizosphere soil AMF in different growth stages of B. ischaemum were significantly different. These results deepen our understanding of the AMF community characteristics and their driven factors in polluted environmental area in future work. This study provides a scientific basis for exploring and available bacteria resources in processes of ecological restoration in copper tailings, so as to improve the ecological restoration efficiency of mining areas.