As an indispensable component in coastal wetland ecosystem, soil microorganisms play an important role in many soil ecological processes, such as soil development, material circulation and pollutant purification, and have a significant impact on the maintenance and health of coastal wetland ecosystems. In this paper, the structure and diversity of soil microbial community in coastal wetlands were systematically reviewed, and the effect of influencing factors such as soil physicochemical properties, vegetation status, hydrological status, biological invasion, global change, wetland reclamation, and oil pollution on soil microorganisms in coastal wetlands were summarized. On this basis, four perspectives are proposed for the future research: 1) strengthening the response mechanism of soil microorganisms in coastal wetland under the interaction of multiple factors of global change; 2) strengthening the interaction mechanism of soil microorganisms and environmental factors in coastal wetland; 3) deepening the influence mechanism of hydrodynamic conditions on soil microorganisms in coastal wetland; and 4) carrying out the comprehensive research on soil microorganisms and material circulation of coastal wetland ecosystem. This study is expected to provide reference for the protection and restoration of coastal wetland ecosystems.