The Poyang Lake Basin is a prominent carbon sink functional area in China. Understanding the spatio-temporal differentiation of different land covers ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) in the Poyang Lake Basin and their responses to meteorological factors is of great significance to clarify regional ecological functions and carbon-water cycle under the context of climate change. Based on the latest MODIS products, land cover data and meteorological observations during 2000-2014, the spatio-temporal variations of CUE and WUE of different land covers in the Poyang Lake Basin and their correlations with precipitation, temperature and sunshine duration were investigated by using the methods of trend analysis and correlation analysis. Results of this research show that: 1) the average annual CUE and WUE in the Poyang Lake Basin were 0.458 and 0.682 gC/kgH₂O, respectively. For different land cover types, the values of CUE descended in the order of grassland > paddy field > other woodland > dry land > sparse forest > shrub forest > forest land; whereas the values of WUE descended in the order of forest land > shrub forest > dry land > sparse forest > paddy field > other woodland > grassland. 2) During the study period, both CUE and WUE showed a slight decreasing trend. Both the CUE and WUE of different land covers in the Poyang Lake Basin showed large inter-annual fluctuations, while their linear change rate was highly consistent. The different types of forest showed the largest decreasing rate, followed by dry land, paddy field and grassland. 3) Generally, precipitation is the key meteorological factor affecting the change of CUE and WUE in the Poyang Lake Basin, while the other meteorological factors are not significantly correlated with CUE and WUE. Moreover, the responses of CUE and WUE to temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration varied significantly among different land covers.