Frozen soil is sensitive to climatic change. The bacteria in the frozen soil are critical to the prediction of the potential feedback mechanism between the frozen soil and the climate. Studies on the diversity and community structure of bacteria in the frozen soil are conducive to monitoring the environmental changes and taking effective measures. This study aimed to analyze the bacterial community structure of the surface frozen soil of Heilongjiang Province. The Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to systematically investigate the structural composition and functional characteristics of the bacterial community of the surface frozen soil and explore the influencing factors. The results demonstrated that the obtained 785,640 raw sequences involved 30 phyla, 109 classes, 209 orders, 326 families, 512 genera, and 598 species. The dominant bacterial phyla included mainly the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. The Proteobacteria extremely significantly negatively correlated with Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, but extremely significantly positively correlated with Acidobacteria (P< 0.01). The Actinobacteria extremely significantly negatively correlated with Actinobacteria, but extremely significantly positively correlated with Chloroflexi. No significant correlation was found between Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. At the genus level, Aetherobacter showed the largest significant differences between various samples. The significantly negative correlations were observed between Flavobacterium and Burkholderia and between Microlunatus and Massilia. The multiple regression by redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated that the soil pH was the primary factor affecting the structural composition of the bacterial community. Furthermore, at the phylum level, the soil pH extremely significantly positively correlated with Crenarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, and Thermi, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with Elusimicrobia. At the genus level, the soil pH significantly positively correlated with Arthrobacter, Blastococcus, and Chelatococcus (P< 0.001). Based on the 16S rRNA sequence of bacterial genome, the following three main metabolic functions of the bacterial community were predicted: membrane transport function, amino acid metabolic function, and carbohydrate metabolic function. Within the regional range of Heilongjiang Province, the structural differentiation of the bacterial community in the surface frozen soil was primarily determined by soil physicochemical properties, but not significantly affected by the soil utilization pattern.