The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between tree ring density and climatic factors of Chinese fir. The tree ring chronology methods were used to study 60 years old Chinese fir provenance forest in Sanming. The whole round density, earlywood density, latewood density, latewood maximum density and earlywood minimum density of Chinese fir were measured, and the effects of main climatic factors (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) on the tree ring density and growth of Chinese fir were analyzed. The results showed that the tree ring density of Chinese fir was significantly influenced by temperature, precipitation and relative humidity. The earlywood density was negatively correlated with the highest temperature in summer and precipitation in May; the latewood maximum density was negatively correlated with precipitation in October and autumn; and earlywood the minimum density was negatively correlated with precipitation and minimum relative humidity in autumn. The sliding correlation analysis also showed that climate factors had a significant effect on the stability of Chinese fir growth in short time, in which the maximum density was related to the average relative humidity and the minimum relative humidity in autumn of the current year, while the negative correlation between the minimum density and the mean relative humidity in February and March of the current year as well as the mean relative humidity, the minimum relative humidity and the precipitation in autumn of the previous year. The response of earlywood minimum density of Chinese fir to climatic factors in previous year had lag effect, and the response of latewood density to climatic factors in spring of the current year also had lag effect. The results of this study have important reference value for the study of tree ring ecology and climatology of subtropical coniferous tree species. It is suggested that natural forests in Wuyi Mountain should be selected to obtain a longer chronology for paleoclimate reconstruction.