The Yangtze River Basin is an important industrial and agricultural production area and ecological security barrier in China. Investigation of the spatio-temporal variations and driving factors of terrestrial vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is essential for understanding of vegetation growth and carbon sequestration capacity, grasping the quality of eco-environment and promoting the utilization of ecological resources. Based on MODIS GPP products, land use data and meteorological observations, the current study systematically examined the spatio-temporal variations of land vegetation GPP in the Yangtze River Basin during 2000-2015 by the application of trend analysis and partial correlation analysis. In addition, from the perspective of secondary water resource regionalization, the spatial differences of the impacts of meteorological factors on GPP change were investigated, and the characteristics of GPP change of different land use types and the effects of meteorological factors were revealed. Results showed that:1) the vegetation GPP per unit area in the Yangtze River Basin ranged from 0.3 to 2765 gC m^-2 a^-1, with an average value of 990.46 gC m^-2 a^-1, and the annual mean total GPP of the basin was 1.735 P gC. 2) The GPP of the Yangtze River Basin showed an increasing trend but not significant in recent years with a linear change rate of 2.39 gC m^-2 a^-1. Spatially, the increasing and decreasing areas of GPP account for 68% and 32% of the total watershed area, respectively. In each secondary water resources area, except for the Dongting Lake Basin and Taihu Lake Basin, the GPP in other areas showed an increasing trend. 3) The average GPP of different land use types ranged from 198.50 to 1276.90 gC m^-2 a^-1. Except for paddy field, GPP of the other land use types showed an increasing trend, especially for grassland with high, medium and low coverage. 4) The impact of different meteorological factors on GPP changes varied obviously in different secondary water resources areas and in different land use types. However, annual variation of GPP for the whole Yangtze River Basin was significantly affected by temperature, followed by evaporation, while other meteorological factors have little influence.