Mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands as a life community, its ecological protection and restoration should be guided by the improvement of ecosystem service function, and the ecosystem fragility should be taken into account. At the same time, we need to coordinate the relationship between protection and development. Therefore, the ecological protection and restoration projects should be considered as a whole to solve the segmented management of ecological elements. Taking Guizhou Province as a case study, the spatial distribution of the importance of ecosystem services was obtained through analysis of ecosystem services and landscape vulnerability, and the key watersheds for restoration were selected. Then the conflict areas between protection and development were identified from the perspective of the ecological protection and economic development. The results showed that there were significant spatial differences in ecosystem service capacity in Guizhou Province. Water conservation capacity was higher in eastern and southeastern Guizhou Province; soil conservation capacity was higher in southeast and northwest Guizhou Province; biodiversity level was higher in southwest, southeast and northeast Guizhou. Landscape fragility was the highest in the Duliujiang River Basin and Chishui River Basin, and the ecological importance was the highest in the Duliujiang River Basin. The distribution of ecological protection and economic development showed that there were conflict zones between ecological protection and economic development in northwest and southeast Guizhou, which is the priority area for protection and restoration. Taking Wumeng Mountain area as an example, its ecological functions, ecological problems, restoration measures, and engineering characteristics were analyzed. The identification of key ecological restoration areas reflects not only the integrity of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands, but also the priority of ecological restoration. This study provides a reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in mountainous areas.