Michelia wilsonii Finet et Gagn. is a rare and endangered tree species that is endemic to China. It is under second-class national protection station. To clarify the survival status of the population, better understand the population age structure, population dynamics, and analyze its spatial distribution pattern, surveys were conducted on the natural population of M. wilsonii distributed in the Emei Mountain, Muchuan State-owned Forest Farm, and Pingwu Kuanba Forest Farm in Sichuan Province for the first time. Based on the theory of space instead of time and smooth out method, we established population age structure and drew static life table. The population survival curve, mortality and vanish rate were drawn to clarify its characteristics of population age structure. The quantitative analysis of population was introduced to further analyze the population dynamics. Finally, the spatial distribution patterns of different populations were obtained on the basis of various population spatial pattern analytical methods. The results showed that the populations of Emei and Pingwu belonged to the growth population, while the population of Muchuan belonged to the decline type. The survival curves of Emei and Muchuan were Deevey-Ⅲ type, while the Pingwu population belonged to Deevey-Ⅱ type. The change trend of mortality and loss curve of the same population was consistent. The density of Pingwu population was the highest but the mortality rate of saplings and small young trees was the highest. The population density of Muchuan was the lowest. Not only the seedlings were seriously insufficient, but also saplings and small young trees were lacking. In addition, the mortality of middle trees was the highest, the population was at risk of decline. The density of Emei population was between Pingwu and Muchuan population, but the mortality rate of seedlings and samplings in Emei population was also higher. Therefore, different protection measures should be taken for populations distributed in indifferent sites. It is suggested that artificial seedling cultivation should be adopted for Emei population to obtain seedlings of the population and transplant the young trees back to the population when the seedlings grow into young trees. For Muchuan population, the combination of artificial optimizing habitat and artificial assisted seedling cultivation should be adopted to promote population renewal. For Pingwu population, effective measures for habitat protection should be formulated. Local relevant departments and villagers should be called upon to protect the tree species.