Abstract:Ecosystem service bundle is a combination of multiple ecosystem services. It characterizes the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, and provides strong scientific evidence to make effective plans for regional socio-ecosystem management. In this study, the composition, trade-off and synergies, mechanisms, and regional differences of six ecosystem services are systematically clarified in Northeastern China using global Moran's I index, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results show that: (1) six ecosystem services present significantly positive spatial autocorrelations (Moran's I>0), i.e., each ecosystem service shows a spatial clustering distribution rather than a random one. (2) Northeastern China was divided into four eco-function zones, which are economic-ecological coordination zone in the south, ecological balance zone in the northeast forest land, sand storm preventing zone in the west, and food production zone in the middle. (3) There is a significant synergic relationship between water retention, carbon sequestration, and soil retention (r=0.73, r=0.70, r=0.80); whereas a significant trade-off relationship was observed between sand storm prevention and soil retention (r=-0.22). (4) The carbon sequestration capacity of the ecological balance zone in the northeast and the economic-ecological coordination zone in the south is considerably higher than that of the sand storm preventing zone in the west and the food production zone in the middle. However, the food production and biodiversity services of the food production zone in the middle are better than in other regions. The investigations of the ecosystem service bundle trade-offs and synergies will greatly help to formulate management plans corresponding to each ecosystem service bundle, as well as promote comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable developments on the socio-economic fields, natural resources, and ecological environment for each eco-function zone.