The objective of this study was to investigate and study the edible wild vegetable resources and the related traditional knowledge of Miao Nationality. The study area is the national nature reserve of Leigongshan in Guizhou Province. Several theories and methods of ecology and ethnology were used to analyze data and parse results. Results showed that: (1) The total number of 80 species of wild vegetables traditionally eaten by the Miao Nationality in Guizhou, belonging to 46 families and 67 genera. Meantime, the eating ways and eating parts of wild vegetables for Miao nationality have diversity characteristics. (2) The diversity in traditional knowledge relating to edible wild vegetables for Miao Nationality is mainly reflected in five aspects: the culture of collecting wild vegetables, the traditional knowledge of processing wild vegetables, the traditional culture of eating wild vegetables, the Miao medicine culture related to wild vegetables, and the traditional literature and proverbs related to wild vegetables. The α diversity index of traditional knowledge about edible wild vegetables is 0.75 and the β diversity index is 0.29, indicating the traditional knowledge of edible wild vegetables has the characteristics of diversity and discontinuous spatial distribution by Miao Nationality in Guizhou Province. (3) The Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.844 between the diversity of edible wild vegetables and the α diversity index of traditional knowledge related to wild vegetables of Miao nationality, which indicates a significant positive correlation between species and traditional knowledge of wild vegetables. The diversity of traditional knowledge related to edible wild vegetables plays an important role in the diversity of edible wild vegetables. Therefore, it is important to promote the protection and sustainable utilization of wild vegetable resources through excavating and carrying forward national culture and fully affirming the value of wild vegetables.