The present study investigated the effects of vegetation coverage, forest form, and forest species on the soil water conservation capacity of forest land. The research was conducted in the upper reaches of the Tiaoxi River Basin (Zhejiang Province, China) and involved indoor artificial rainfall simulations. Physical models were obtained for different levels of vegetation coverage (0, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%) and different forest forms (upper cover, lower cover, upper and lower cover). In addition, the study also measured the water-holding capacity of soils at different depths in the field. Results indicated that:(1) The infiltration coefficient increased with the increasing vegetation coverage, increased more rapidly as slope length increased, and was affected more by vegetation coverage than slope length during rainfall. (2) The forest form simulation experiment indicated that the surface infiltration coefficient decreased as follows: upper and lower layer coverage > upper layer coverage > lower layer coverage > bare land. The amount of water stored in the forest soil increased linearly with the runoff duration, and the cumulative water storage of the three forest forms was 37%, 29%, and 23% greater than that of bare land, respectively. (3) This study monitored changes in soil moisture content at different depths and in different forests. By comparing intact forest (chestnut forest, tea garden and bamboo forest) with the bare land, the strength of the water source capacity of forest land was obtained. Water storage capacity decreased as follows: chestnut forest > tea garden > bamboo forest. These findings provide scientific methodological support and production practice that can be used for managing forest land, cultivating various forest forms, and improving soil water-holding capacity.