In this study, the natural grassland (which has been shielded for 19 years) of the Ningxia Yunwushan Grassland Nature Reserve in Guyuan was used as the research object. The precipitation in the study area was artificially regulated by the measure of artificial increase and decrease of rain using rainwater shed and drip irrigation technologies, and the responses of the ecological stoichiometry and microbial diversity of grassland soil were systematically analyzed under 50%, 100%, and 150% rainfall treatments. The results show that after one year of precipitation change, (1) different rainfall gradients had no significant effect on the soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), carbon-nitrogen ratio(C/N), carbon-phosphorus ratio(C/P), and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio(N/P), but the SOC, TN, TP, and N/P under 100% simulated rainfall treatment were higher than those under 50% and 150% respectively. (2) The SOC, TN, TP, C/N, C/P, and N/P of different soil depth were significantly different (P<0.05) under the three different precipitation gradient treatments. As the depth of the soil deepened, the soil stoichiometry and its ratio gradually decreased. (3) Precipitation had little effect on soil microbial diversity, but both 150% and 50% precipitation can increase fungal diversity, causing changes in the fungal flora structure, and the relative abundance of fungal dominant species decreased under 150% precipitation. (4) There was no significant correlation between the SOC, TP, and C/N and microbial diversity. The C/P and N/P were significantly negative correlated with the bacterial diversity (P<0.05), and showed a significant positive correlation with the fungal diversity (P<0.01). Therefore, Short-term (one year) precipitation changes have weak effects on the soil nutrient and microbial diversity, but the microbial diversity is closely related to soil nutrients. These results will provide a proof for further analysis of the effects of changing precipitation on soil ecological stoichiometry and microbial diversity on the ecological function of temperate grassland.