As an important component in regulating belowground ecological processes, the soil microbes are primary mediators of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, and thus play a key role in maintaining function and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. Climate change affects the physiological activities of soil microbes, which causes changes of soil microbial community structure and functional diversity and cascades the effects on biogeochemical cycling and climate-ecosystem feedbacks. Among them, nitrogen deposition and precipitation are research hotspots of global climate change. The external nitrogen (N) addition or atmospheric N deposition has been found to affect the aboveground biology processes and the underground biochemistry of soil, both directly and indirectly. Soil N availability has the potential to mediate microbial responses to changes in precipitation by altering the microbial community composition, but the interactions between N nitrogen deposition and precipitation pattern on soil microbial community structure and function still remain unclear. Additionally, changes in soil microbial function and community composition may trigger a series of responses, such as impacting litter and organic matter decomposition rates, humus formation nutrient transformation and cycling, and then alter the interaction between soil microbes and plant communities. Improving understanding of soil microbes that responds to environmental variation is needed for accurate prediction of ecosystem function in the future climatic conditions. Based on this, a review is presented about progress on the impacts of nitrogen deposition and changes in precipitation pattern, and their interactions on soil microbial functional diversity, which is critical to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for further research on the development of underground ecology under global climate change. At the same time, problems and shortcomings existing in the current work are analyzed and key scientific issues in future research are also discussed and previewed.