By analyzing the phylogenetic structure of plant community, the response of species to environmental changes in tree layer, shrub layer, and herbaceous layer can be explored. Carpinus turczaninowii community in Taxus chinensis Nature Reserve in Lingchuan, Shanxi province were surveyed and compared. The net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) of Carpinus turczaninowii community from different spatial scale and different sloping directions were studied by the method of sampling analysis. The phylogenetic structure characteristics of Carpinus turczaninowii community formed along the spatial scale gradient were discussed and the historical process of the construction of Carpinus turczaninowii community was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the phylogenetic tree of Carpinus turczaninowii community in these reserve arbor layer (26 species), shrub layer (32 species), and herbaceous layer (39 species) could be divided into 5 groups, 5 groups, and 4 groups, respectively. Arbor layer (86.67% of the plot, the below is same) and shrub layer (73.33%) species community phylogenetic structure were phylogenetically overdispersed (NRI<0, NTI<0), but the herbaceous layer (86.67%) species community phylogenetic structure were phylogenetically clustered (NRI>0, NTI>0). (2) In the arbor layer of Carpinus turczaninowii community, from the first stage to the second stage, the NRI index decreased with the increasing of the diameter at byeast height (DBH), but the NTI index increased. From the second stage to the fifth stage, with the increasing of DBH, the NRI index and the NTI index showed a decreasing trend; at different DBH level, NRI and NTI index was significant difference (P<0.05). The results showed that the community phylogenetic structure changed from phylogenetic clustering to phylogenetic overdisperseding. (3) The species of shrub layer were phylogenetically clustered on the shady and sunny slopes. The species on the shady slope in arbor layer were phylogenetically overdispersed (NRI<0, NTI>0). The arbor layer on sunny slope and herbaceous layer on both shady and sunny slope community were unable to determine whether the phylogenetic structure of the community was clustered or overdispersed.