It is of great importance to improve the eco-environmental quality of the Guishui River Basin (GRB), which serves as a significant ecological barrier of Beijing and the host of 2019 International Horticultural Exhibition and 2022 Winter Olympics. In this study, the spatial information atlas of Mountain-Water-Forest-Cropland-Lake-Grass in the GRB was firstly constructed, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of which were then explored with spatial autocorrelation analysis. Finally, the ecological change processes under different spatial patterns of the Mountain-Water-Forest-Cropland-Lake-Grass Systems in the GRB were quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the vegetation coverage. The results suggested that:1) the area and spatial agglomeration degree of the Mountain-Cropland in the low hilly areas and piedmont platforms decreased continuously, where the vegetation coverage showed a stable increasing trend; 2) the area with the composite spatial structure of Mountain-Forest and Mountain-Grass in the mountainous area was relatively low. The spatial pattern of Mountain-Forest in the mountainous area showed higher agglomeration, but its area and spatial agglomeration degree decreased continuously, and its vegetation coverage also showed a trend of continuous degradation. However, the spatial agglomeration degree of the Mountain-Grass has increased, and its overall fluctuation range has been relatively small, but its overall vegetation coverage has decreased. Therefore, a compound pattern of "Mountain-Forest and Mountain-Grass" should be established in order to improve the ecological environment quality; 3) the area of the Mountain-Water has decreased in different geomorphic types, the vegetation coverage of which has remained relatively low, and the ecological degradation of Mountain-Water was very serious. Overall, these results of this study will provide significant references for improving the land use planning and ecological environment quality in the GRB.