The implementation of ecological projects had important impacts on the production and life of residents within the projects' areas. This study takes the Xilingol grassland transects as an example to collect data from typical farmers and herd households by food tracking surveys from August 2017 to July 2018, questionnaire data of farmers and herdsmen, data on ecological restoration measures, land use data, and socio-economic data. The impacts of different ecological restoration measures on food consumption of farmers and herdsmen in Xilingol grassland transects were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The ecological restoration measures of the Xilingol grassland transects mainly included forage-livestock balance, rest grazing, banding grazing, rotational grazing, fence enclosure, and warm shed. The ecological restoration measures along the grassland transects showed three regional characteristics. The implementation of ecological restoration measures of the Xilingol grassland transects gradually weakened from north to south. The grassland restoration measures mainly changed from forage-livestock balance, rest grazing, and banding grazing measures to rest grazing and fencing enclosure. The restrictions on human activities also increased from north to south; (2) With the characteristics of different grassland restoration measures and grassland supplies, the food consumption characteristics of the farmers and herdsmen in Xilingol grassland transects showed the transition from the pastoral to the agricultural areas from north to south, which was the main food of daily life changing from package of meat, eggs, milk, vegetable, and fruits to package of rice, vegetable, and fruits. In addition, food consumption season was affected by the production and living behaviors in the agricultural and pastoral areas; (3) The patterns of food consumption in the Xilingol transects were influenced by the ecological, economic, and social factors such as grassland supply, income and its structure, culture practices, and occupation of the residents. The differences of grassland supply in the grassland transects led to the differences of the food supplement of local people and the factors including income, culture, and vocation caused the differences of food consumption in family choices. This study provides a reference for policy development to achieve coordinated development of the regional ecology, economy and society.