Salweenia bouffordiana, a Salweenia species discovered in recent years, is a rare and endangered endemic species in southwest China. Through field investigation of the S. bouffordiana population in Xinlong County of Sichuan Province, this paper aims to establish its static life table and draw its population survival curve to depict characteristics of the population structure and to use its population dynamic prediction and time series analysis to quantify potential population changes. The results are as follows. Firstly, the S. bouffordiana population is a declining population. The dynamic indices indicates that the population has high temporal variability, low stability and anti-interference ability, and highly sensitive to external interferences. Secondly, the static life table shows that the S. bouffordiana population is extremely unstable as a whole. Its survival curve belongs to the typical type of Deevey-Ⅲ with the high mortality in the early stage. Thirdly, the survival functional curve shows that the S. bouffordiana population grows poorly in early age period and declines obviously in the rest. Fourthly, time series analyses indicate that the S. bouffordiana population is extremely short of individuals in early age and could hardly sustain in natural regeneration. Its population structure would continue to decay in the future. In situ conservation should be introduced as soon as possible to maintain and improve its natural regeneration.