In order to understand the distribution characteristics and key influencing factors of the bacterial community diversity in saline soil in different regions of Ningxia, we collected eight typical saline soil samples in Ningxia. The eight sampling sites are Helan county (Hongxing Village), Huinong county (Huangquguaizi Village, Yanzidun, Miaotai), and Pingluo county (Yinxing Village, Fenshuizha, Houjialiang, Xidatan). We collected soil samples from 0-2 cm and 2-25 cm soil depths, respectively. Illumina Hiseq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the characteristics of soil bacterial community structure at different sampling sites. The relationship between soil physicochemical factors and bacterial community structure was also analyzed. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phylum in eight soil sampling sites. Among them, Proteobacteria accounted for 24.69%-56.44% of the total. In addition, the relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria was significantly higher in Yanzidun soils than that in other sampling sites soils (P<0.05). At 0-2 cm soil depth, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was higher in Yanzidun, Hongxing Village, and Fenshuizha Village than that in other sampling sites. The relative abundance of the second dominant group of Bacteroidetes was the highest in soils of Fenshuizha (P<0.05). At 2-25 cm soil depth, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria had the same tendency as that at topsoil. The relative abundance of the second dominant group of Actinobacteria was the highest in the Xidatan soils (P<0.05). At the genus level, Bacillus is the dominant genus in saline soils of all sampling sites in Ningxia. Alpha diversity index showed that the diversity and richness of soil bacterial community of Yanzidun soils were significantly lower than those of other sampling sites. The result of soil physicochemical properties showed that total nitrogen, organic carbon, alkalyzable nitrogen, and available potassium were the highest contents in Huangquguaizi soils. Soil moisture, pH, and the electrical conductivity were the lowest in Xidatan soils. The concentration of K⁺ and Cl^- were the highest in Yanzidun site at 0-2 cm soil depth. The concentration of SO₄^2- was the highest in Yanzidun site at 2-25 cm soil depth. The correlation analysis showed that K⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, and electrical conductivity significantly affected the bacterial community diversity index of the saline soil. Redundancy analysis showed that the soil moisture and electrical conductivity were the crucial factors affecting the bacterial community structure of the saline soil in Ningxia.