Soil and water conservation technology influenced the coupling effect of the system through action on the agricultural industrial-resource system, and this process and effect is the key determinant among farmers to select appropriate soil and water conservation technology. Hence, we surveyed 130 households of the typical watershed-Xiannangou watershed in 2017, and these survey data were used to reveal the mechanism of action and the coupling path via the structural equation model. A new coupling system was developed from soil and water conservation technology and the ecological environment, agriculture resources, and agricultural industries. Soil and water conservation technology improved the ecological environment, increased agricultural resources, and inhibited the development of the agricultural industry; however, the intensity was weak at the present stage (the path coefficients were 0.13, 0.08, and -0.02, respectively). The underlying reason was that large-scale management was undertaken in the Xiannangou watershed; hence, the weak intensity of the effect of soil and water conservation technology to the agricultural industry-resource system was based on the weak intensity of the effective control measures for soil and water loss in the Xiannangou watershed, implying that the existing system of soil and water conservation technology could not fully meet the requirements of ecological civil construction and economic development in the new era. Screening, integrating, and developing soil and water conservation technology to develop suitable soil and water conservation technology is in great demand and must focus on soil and water conservation, while essentially upgrading ecological functions.