Scientific evaluation of the fragility of the ecological environment is of great significance for the rational use of land resources and regional ecological security. Taking the Nanchang City as a case study area, we developed an index-based system for eco-environmental vulnerability assessment based on the ecological sensitivity-ecological recovery-ecological pressure model. Utilizing the spatial principal component analysis method, the global Moran' I index and LISA clustering map, seventeen indicators were selected and used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution and driving factors of the eco-environmental vulnerability of Nanchang City from 2000 to 2015. Our analyses show there was an increasing trend from light to medium vulnerability in Nanchang City from 2000 to 2015. The spatial heterogeneity of eco-environmental vulnerability in Nanchang City is obvious in both 2000 and 2015. Among the administrative divisions in Nanchang City, the areas with the highest environmental vulnerability were mainly distributed in Donghu, West Lake, Qingshan Lake and Wanli districts. In 2000 and 2015, there was significant global spatial autocorrelation of the eco-environmental vulnerability. High-high (HH) areas were mainly distributed in extremely vulnerable regions, and low-low (LL) regions were associated with negligible and lightly vulnerable areas. From 2000 to 2015, the drivers of eco-environmental vulnerability in Nanchang City were population density, per capita GDP, per capita arable land, slope, topographic relief, average annual temperature, extreme maximum temperature, extreme minimum temperature, and average annual precipitation.