In the present study, we selected seven typical Camellia oleifera plantations in Guangxi to examine the diversity of their undergrowth species. Specially, we focused on the study of its species composition, structural features and diversity. Our results are as follows. First, Sanjiang (SJ) had the most abundance number of families, genera and species of shrubs and herbs in the C. oleifera community, whereas Bama (BM) and Laibin (LB) had relatively least abundance number. In addition, the common species were dominant only in the BM shrubs layer, while the dominant species of shrubs and herbs in all other communities were cross-species. Secondly, the difference in Margalef index was only significantly among shrubs diversity. In contrast, the difference in the indexes of Margalef, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener for herbs diversity were all significant. Thirdly, the regression analysis showed that the relationship between latitude and numbers of single-species in shrubs layer, families, genera, species, and single-species in herbs layer and the total genera and species exhibited a quadratic model. Similarly, the tendency between the average annual temperature and the numbers of families, genera, species, and single-species in herbs layer, the effective accumulative temperature and the numbers of genera, species, and single-species in herbs layer, the average annual rainfall and the number of single-species in shrubs layer also showed quadratic model. Finally, the species in different C. oleifera communities were observed to show a few similarities. Cluster analysis with similarity metrics showed that the undergrowth species of the plantations in SJ, Babu district in Hezhou (HZ), Cenxi soft branch Camellia oleifera seed orchard (CX) and Nanning (NN) were classified into the same class, while the undergrowth species of the plantations in Fengshan (FS), BM and LB belonged to another class. In summary, the regional variation of undergrowth species in Guangxi C. oleifer plantations was closely related with the habitat heterogeneity in different areas.