Understanding the ecological stoichiometry of Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis plantation at different altitudes in the rocky desertification area of central Guizhou is helpful to know the regularity of nutrient circulation and the status of element abundance and deficiency. In this study, the contents of C, N, P, and K in the leaves, litter and soil of the Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis plantation were determined. The ecological stoichiometry and the relationship between them were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) of the leaves of Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis plantation were 228.11-446.81, 0.96-5.69, 2.17-5.60, 6.42-17.74 g/kg, respectively. The OC, TN, TP, and TK of litter were 239.19-415.25, 1.70-4.62, 1.83-2.63, 1.80-4.26 g/kg, respectively. The OC, TN, TP, and TK in the soil were 29.69-5.17, 2.99-6.41, 0.18-1.52, 15.01-2.14 g/kg, respectively. The soil nutrients showed the pattern of "low N and high P". (2) The differentiation of C, N, P, and K in leaves, litter, and soil was not exactly consistent with the difference of altitude. Its change characteristics showed that the sources of C and N were diverse, but the sources of P and K were relatively fixed. (3) There was a significant correlation between nutrient content and the ecological stoichiometry in soil and leaves, which indicated that the nutrients in the leaves were mainly from the soil. In general, soil nutrient content and its ecological stoichiometry had a weak correlation with litter nutrient content, but strongly correlated with litters nutrient ecological stoichiometry. It indicated that there was a certain nutrient conversion strength between litter and soil but not complete inheritance.